• Information and Its Encoding

Concept of information, its types, and information processes. Language as a way of representing information. Methods of measuring the amount of information: probabilistic and alphabetic approaches, units of measurement. Information transmission process: source, receiver, encoding, distortion, speed, and channel capacity. Representation of numerical information in various numeral systems. Encoding of textual information (ASCII, Cyrillic encodings).

• Algorithmization and Programming

Concept of an algorithm, its types, and formal execution. Basic algorithmic constructs: sequence, branching, loop. Working with variables (declaration, types, scope). Array processing: filling, searching, sorting. Structuring tasks using auxiliary algorithms (procedures and functions).

• Fundamentals of Logic

Algebra of logic: logical expressions, their transformation, and constructing truth tables.

• Modeling and Computer Experiment

Structure of creating computer models. Representing data in different types of information models (schemes, tables, graphs). Mathematical models (function graphs). Building and using information models of real processes (physical, economic, etc.).

• Social Informatics

History of computer development. Norms of information ethics and legal norms in computer science (copyright, digital signature).

• ICT Devices

Types of computers, their characteristics, and selection. Main peripheral devices. Ensuring reliable operation, safety, hygiene, and ergonomics.

• ICT Software

Purpose of the operating system and graphical user interface. Working with files and file systems. Choosing appropriate software for information processing. Information protection technologies and tools (antiviruses, firewalls).

• Text Information Processing

Text input, editing, and formatting. Embedding and formatting objects (tables, images, formulas). Automating document preparation: layout, spell-checking.

• Graphical and Audio Information Processing

Raster and vector graphics, operations on objects. Computer-aided design. Creating and editing digital audio. Creating computer presentations.

• Processing Information in Spreadsheets

Data input, editing, and import/export. Data types, working with formulas, references, and functions. Statistical processing and data visualization using charts and graphs.

• Databases

Database structure (records, fields), tabular representation. Sorting and filtering records. Formulating various queries.

• Telecommunications Technologies

Principles of computer network organization (local, global), addressing. Main network services: WWW, email, search engines. Searching for information on the Internet. Basics of website creation (HTML).

• Programming Technologies

Reading and analyzing a short program (30-50 lines). Finding and fixing errors in a small code fragment. Creating one's own simple program to solve problems.

• Programming and Algorithms

Data structures: arrays, lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs. Sorting and searching algorithms, complexity analysis. OOP: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism. Recursive algorithms. Functional programming: functions, lambda expressions. Concurrent programming: multithreading, synchronization.

• Databases

Relational data model: tables, keys, data integrity. Relational algebra: projection, selection, join. Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF). SQL language: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, JOIN. Transactions and ACID properties.

• Operating Systems

OS architecture: processes, threads, memory management. File systems. Inter-process communication: semaphores, mutexes. Process scheduling.

• Computer Networks

Network models OSI and TCP/IP. Protocols: IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP/HTTPS. Wireless networks: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IoT. Network security: encryption, authentication, VPN.

• Cybersecurity

Cryptography: symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Information protection methods. Ethics and law in information security.

• Artificial Intelligence and Data Analysis

Machine learning: classification, clustering, regression. Natural language processing (NLP). Computer vision.

• Additional Important Topics

Software engineering: development methodologies, testing. Web technologies: HTML/CSS, JavaScript, frameworks. Distributed systems. Cloud computing and virtualization. Mobile development.